@article{Graafland2019d,
title = {When Does Economic Freedom Promote Well Being? On the Moderating Role of Long-Term Orientation},
author = {Johan Graafland},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02230-9},
doi = {10.1007/s11205-019-02230-9},
issn = {1573-0921},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-30},
journal = {Social Indicators Research},
abstract = {An increasing volume of literature has shown that economic freedom is related to life satisfaction. However, life satisfaction may not fully describe well-being because of its subjective nature. This study contributes to previous literature by extending analysis of the relationship between economic freedom and life satisfaction to other dimensions of well-being as measured by the better life index of the OECD that includes both objective and subjective measures. A second innovation of this paper is that, in explaining the differences in well-being between countries, we conjecture that the relationship between free market institutions as measured by economic freedom and well-being is moderated by the cultural dimension of long-term orientation. This hypothesis is supported for six out of 11 dimensions of well-being: income, community, health, life satisfaction, safety, and work---life balance. Our study shows that looking at interdependencies between culture and formal institutions can increase the explanatory power of internationally comparative research into well-being.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{graaflandm,
title = {Contingencies in the relationship between economic freedom and human development: the role of generalized trust},
author = {Johan Graafland},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/contingencies-in-the-relationship-between-economic-freedom-and-human-development-the-role-of-generalized-trust/455C6214E32F50EF20C3F7BFA83E675A},
doi = {10.1017/S1744137419000705},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-07},
journal = {Journal of Institutional Economics},
pages = {1–16},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
abstract = {An increasing volume of literature has shown that human development is related to economic institutions. But previous literature has not considered that the effects of economic institutions on human development are contingent on culture. In this study, we contend that the effects of economic freedom (as an indicator of economic institutions) on human development are dependent on generalized trust (as an indicator of culture). Using panel analysis on a sample of 29 OECD countries during 1990–2015, we find that generalized trust positively moderates the relationship between economic freedom and human development. The policy implication is that free market institutions foster human development only in high trust societies, not in low trust countries.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Graafland2019f,
title = {Economic Freedom, Internal Motivation, and Corporate Environmental Responsibility of SMEs},
author = {Johan Graafland and Reyer Gerlagh},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-019-00361-8},
doi = {10.1007/s10640-019-00361-8},
issn = {1573-1502},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-01},
journal = {Environmental and Resource Economics},
volume = {74},
number = {3},
pages = {1101--1123},
abstract = {The effect of economic freedom on firms' environmental responsible management is still unconcluded. We conjecture that the effects are conditional on a firm's internal motivation and use a large-scale survey to run an empirical test. The sample consists of 4338 small and medium-sized enterprises from twelve European countries. Distinguishing between intrinsic (environmental) and extrinsic (profit) internal motivations, we find clear support that the effects of economic freedom and intrinsic motivation on corporate environmental performance interact with each other. Our findings explain the ambiguous results of previous empirical studies at the aggregate level.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Graafland2019g,
title = {Technological Competition, Innovation Motive and Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Top Managers of European SMEs},
author = {Johan Graafland and Niels Noorderhaven},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-019-09351-z},
doi = {10.1007/s10645-019-09351-z},
issn = {1572-9982},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-31},
journal = {De Economist},
abstract = {Various motives have been proposed for firms to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR), but no attention has been paid to innovation as a motive to engage in CSR. In this paper we explore the role of this motive and hypothesize that it is particularly important for companies facing intensive technological competition. We find support for this in a sample of 2579 top managers of small and medium sized enterprises from 12 European countries. The innovation motive mediates the relationship between technological competition and CSR and is the most (second most) important motive for environmental and social CSR, respectively.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Graafland2019e,
title = {Government regulation, business leaders’ motivations and environmental performance of SMEs},
author = {Johan Graafland and Lans Bovenberg },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1663159},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-10-07},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management},
abstract = {This paper investigates whether government regulation crowds out intrinsic motivation to improve environmental performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Motivation crowding is the phenomenon by which external pressures reduce intrinsic motivation. Literature on motivation crowding effects of environmental regulations exhibits two gaps. First, previous studies have focused on households while neglecting business organizations, even though businesses account for a major part of industrial pollution worldwide. Second, previous literature neither measured intrinsic motivation nor tested how government regulation affects this motivation. Empirical evidence of motivation crowding by environmental regulations is therefore still lacking. This paper fills both research gaps. Using a dataset of 2,373 SMEs from 12 European countries, we show that government regulation enhances environmental performance directly but harms it indirectly by crowding out intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of business leaders. It only stimulates environmental performance for companies exhibiting low motivation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Graafland2019c,
title = {Income Inequality, Life Satisfaction Inequality and Trust: A Cross Country Panel Analysis},
author = {Johan Graafland and Bjorn Lous},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0021-0},
doi = {10.1007/s10902-018-0021-0},
issn = {1573-7780},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-08-01},
journal = {Journal of Happiness Studies},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {1717--1737},
abstract = {Literature has argued that income inequality crowds out trust. However, whether income inequality makes people less trusting depends on how they perceive income inequality within their personal social context and social cognition. In this paper we therefore conjecture that the relationship of income inequality to trust depends on how income inequality affects inequality of life satisfaction. If life satisfaction inequality is high, distrust is generated among the least happy. This will increase polarization and the risk of rebellion, thereby also affecting trust among the happier people. Thus, life satisfaction inequality may be an essential factor in the relationship between income inequality and trust. In previous literature, the potential mediating role of life satisfaction inequality in the relationship between income inequality and social trust has not yet received attention. We test our model by panel analysis on 25 OECD countries in the period 1990--2014. The panel analysis shows that income inequality increases life satisfaction inequality and that both income inequality and life satisfaction inequality have a significant negative impact on social trust. Mediation tests show complementary mediation: besides the direct negative effect of income inequality on trust, we find an indirect effect mediated by life satisfaction inequality. This indirect effect counts for 20% of the total effect of income inequality on trust. Our results imply that policy options for increasing trust are not limited to countering income inequality, but can also include policy measures that directly reduce inequality of life satisfaction.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Graafland2019c,
title = {Competition in technology and innovation, motivation crowding, and environmental policy},
author = {Johan Graafland },
url = {https://www.moralmarkets.org/wp-content/uploads/Motives_Comp_CSREM.pdf},
doi = {10.1002/csr.1779},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-16},
journal = {Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management},
abstract = {This paper investigates the theoretical and empirical relevance of motivation crowding theory for owner–managers' motivation towards sustainable development. Motivation crowding theory has argued that external pressures enforce (crowd in) moral motivation if these pressures are perceived as supportive. On the basis of this theory, we conjecture that a competitive environment that is characterized by a high intensity of competition on innovation will crowd in moral motivation towards sustainable development if owner–managers believe that environmental policy practices increase the innovative capability of their company. Test results on survey data filled out by 650 owner–managers support this hypothesis. These results imply that policy makers, who aim at stimulating innovation as well as sustainable development, should inform managers about the innovation‐enhancing effects of environmental policy practices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Graafland2019h,
title = {Marktwerking, eigenbelang en … deugden; Adam Smith en recent onderzoek},
author = {Johan Graafland},
url = {https://www.geloofenwetenschap.nl/index.php/artikelen/item/download/114_813114037681a30a9889e93bb1a04a6d},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-04-01},
journal = {Radix (tijdschrift over geloof en wetenschap)},
volume = {45},
number = {1 (april 2019)},
pages = {31-43},
abstract = {Het belang van deugden in de economie is niet vanzelfsprekend. Veel economen gaan uit van het calvinistische mensbeeld dat de mens geneigd is tot het kwade en alleen eigenbelang nastreeft. Maar dat eigenbelang wordt steeds problematischer. Toch is het de vraag of economen deze les ter harte nemen. De gedachte dat het nastreven van het eigenbelang goed is voor de economie heeft immers al oude papieren. Deze gedachte gaat onder andere terug tot de Wealth of Nations van Adam Smith, de vader van de economische wetenschap. Maar het vreemde is dat Adam Smith in zijn andere boek, \emph{A Theory of Moral Sentiments}, betoogt dat een samenleving alleen maar gelukkig kan zijn als mensen deugdzaam handelen. In dit artikel analyseer ik hoe deze tweespalt in het denken van Adam Smith wortelt in zijn godsbeeld. Daarna presenteer ik recent onderzoek in het kader van het project What good markets are good for dat inzicht biedt of en hoe deugden in de economie van belang zijn voor het menselijk floreren.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{GRAAFLAND2019250,
title = {Economic freedom and corporate environmental responsibility: The role of small government and freedom from government regulation},
author = {Johan Graafland},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261930335X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.308},
issn = {0959-6526},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
volume = {218},
pages = {250 - 258},
abstract = {In international scientific literature, it is argued from institutional theory that economic freedom stimulates corporate environmental responsibility. However, economic freedom comprises several different dimensions, such as government size, rule of law, open markets, and (freedom from) government regulation. Whereas previous literature has shown that rule of law and open markets stimulate corporate environmental responsibility, the impact of government size and government regulation on corporate environmental responsibility of companies located in different countries has yet not been explored. This paper contributes to scientific literature by researching the effects of these two dimensions of economic freedom on corporate environmental responsibility. We hypothesize that small government stimulates corporate environmental responsibility and that freedom from government regulation discourages it. Using panel data from ASSET4 for the corporate environmental responsibility of 5023 companies, and data of government size and government regulation from Fraser Institute and Heritage Foundation for 41 countries, the authors perform panel analysis for the period 2005–2014 to test the hypotheses. The estimation results show that both small size of government and freedom from government regulation decrease corporate environmental responsibility. The test results are robust for the type of economic freedom data (Fraser Institute or Heritage Foundation) used.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}